The National Rifle Association ( Nra ) - 971 Words

Of the many interest groups that have a viable, unwavering presence in both the campaign and election process and in the hands of its taxpaying voters is the National Rifle Association (NRA). The nonprofit organization has a staunch and straightforward message: to advocate and protect the second amendment. As of late, the NRA has received criticism by some candidate who is running for presidency, and even the President himself, but this has not changed the purpose or image of the organization through the eyes of the American people. Other candidates can see this, and they are in full fledge of their support for the NRA, which is not only cohesive but reciprocal, and has been one of the standing points for these candidates. Because of this, â€Å"Fortune† magazine has recognized NRA as the most powerful lobbying force in the United States. The National Rifle Association is an effective interest group because of its strong advocacy for gun rights, its strong support from taxpaye rs and politicians, and its notable presence in policy making and legislation. The NRA is a powerful organization that has a long, illustrious history of advocating gun rights and the second amendment. The nonprofit organization was founded in November of 1871 by William Conant Church and George Wood Wingate, and has educated and informed its members on gun-related legislation and policy since the mid-1930s after the first federal gun-control law was passed. By the mid-1970s, however, the NRA has directlyShow MoreRelatedThe National Rifle Association ( Nra )3063 Words   |  13 Pages The National Rifle Association (NRA) Lori Acompora Professor Urban Manhattanville College According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States experiences epidemic levels of gun violence, claiming over 30,000 lives annually. For every person who dies from a gunshot wound, two others are wounded. In America, there are approximately 270 million firearms possessed by civilians, and only 897,000 carried by police. Every year, approximately 100,000Read MoreThe National Rifle Association (NRA) Essay1774 Words   |  8 PagesThe National Rifle Association (NRA) As George Stephanopoulos, a former Clinton spokesman once said: Let me make one small vote for the NRA. Theyre good citizens. They call their Congressmen. They write. They vote. They contribute. And they get what they want over time.(qtd. in nra.org) The NRA is indeed all of these things, with programs to benefit a variety of Americans, sponsorship of one of Americas oldest sports, and as an organization that will stand up for its political beliefs regardingRead MoreThe National Rifle Association Is An American Non-Profit1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Rifle Association is an American non-profit organization that has been around for over one hundred years. It is a large organization with approximately 5 million members and is run by 84 leaders: 64 board members, one consultant, 17 lobbyist, 15 senior staff and 4 spokespersons. There are 9 women and 73 men apart of the NRA leaders. The executive vice president and chief executive officer is Wayne LaPierre, an author and a gun rights advocate who was elected to the board in 1991. TheRead MoreThe National Rifle Association : Interest Group Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe National Rifle Association Interest Group Paper The National Rifle Association is a very historic and well known organization which was founded in 1871. The NRA is widely known for protecting the second amendment of the constitution which is what gives people the right to keep and bear arms and very strong promoters of proper gun use. Sarah Horwitz, state’s that, â€Å"Today it is arguably the most powerful lobbying organization in the nation’s capital and certainly the most feared.†(AchenbachRead MoreGun Control : Opposing Viewpoints1449 Words   |  6 Pages GUN CONTROL: OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Introduction and Preliminary Research In a country where the people own more than 70 million handguns and perhaps one million automatic rifles and assault weapons, public opinion on gun control is understandably divided. Those opposed to gun control often cite the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution, which appears to guarantee private citizens the unrestricted right to bear arms; less theoretical arguments include the practical need for self-defenseRead MoreBrief History of the Nra1739 Words   |  7 PagesBrief History of the NRA The National Rifle Association in its simplest form is the largest gun club in the world. The organization was founded in 1871 by former Union Army officers to encourage sport shooting in order to have a fine tuned militia in case of emergency. The Union officers believed that a well regulated militia was integral for the security of a free state. It is an organization that opposes gun control, it believes in the individual defense of the uses of firearms, and it isRead MoreThe National Rifle Association of America Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pagesis going on right now with the NRA and the issues that they are defending. Ever since the NRA was founded, it has been doing things to help out the people of this country and to shape the country itself. There are so many controversies that are going on today in politics that are the center of the NRA’s philosophy. The NRA does a lot for the people of this country by impacting the lives of millions of Americans, through its many organizations. Not to mention, the NRA is a non-profit organization andRead MoreEliminate Murder Insurance Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe goal of the â€Å"Eliminate Murder Insurance† campaign is to fight for the repeal of the National Rifle Association’s Carry Guard Insurance; the purpose of Carry Guard membership is to provide access to gun-owners who fire their weapons in disputes – specifically in â€Å"self-defense†. The main issue with this is that there is much ambiguity surrounding what constitutes self-defense, and what is cold-blooded murder. The Carry Guard insurance provides coverage for court costs, psychological services, bailRead MoreNra1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Rifle Association (NRA) As George Stephanopoulos, a former Clinton spokesman once said: Let me make one small vote for the NRA. Theyre good citizens. They call their Congressmen. They write. They vote. They contribute. And they get what they want over time.(qtd. in nra.org) The NRA is indeed all of these things, with programs to benefit a variety of Americans, sponsorship of one of Americas oldest sports, and as an organization that will stand up for its political beliefs regardingRead MoreEssay about Gun Controls Do Not Control Criminals1056 Words   |  5 Pagesspectrum you have the National Rifle Association (NRA) which currently views any type of gun control as an infraction against the Second Amendment of the Constitution (What is the NRA 1). At the other end of the spectrum you have groups like the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) and Handgun Control, Inc. seek to make most firearms accessible only to law enforcement and the military(CSGV 1). In the middle there are organizations such as the American Firearms Association, who seek compromise

Roman Vs. Democratic Ideals Essay - 1453 Words

A large aspect of Roman history has been focused on the discussion over its system of government. Many later states would emphasis their influence stemming from Rome, such as the case seen within the republican and democratic ideals key to post-revolutionary France. This raises an important question about Roman government itself, was it actually the inklings of a democracy? Historians, such as Ronald Syme, have made the argument that the glimpses seen of democracy in ancient Rome are little more than an illusion hiding a system of elite control. This is further evidence with through analysis of the control through Roman patronage, the system of wealthy hereditary networks, and the maintenance of power through appeasement of the popululus. While it is usually referenced when discussing possible democratic ideals, perhaps one of the most glaring evidences of Rome in fact lacking democracy can be viewed in its system of patronage. Although the common man was able to receive some protection and representation through this arrangement, it was a far cry from the power wielded by the elite class. So, while patronage gives the impression of representation, it raises the question of whether a Patrician and his plebeian clients were in actuality getting an equivalent dividend from the agreement? While this may have been the case of altruistic minded patroni (patrons), it is probable that many more had little motivation past the requirements of keeping their cliens (clients) appeased.Show MoreRelatedPatriotism Vs Human Rights. Linking Patriotism And Human1022 Words   |  5 PagesPatriotism vs Human Rights Linking patriotism and human rights seems like an odd couple but it should go hand in hand. Patriotism is the love of a nation and human rights is the love of mankind. Bringing them together to show that, no matter your background, having a love for your country and of human beings should be treated the same. Finding a connection between the constitutional patriotism, that gives an understanding of both state and politics, and human rights is hard to connect to unpatrioticRead MoreThe Persian Wars Were Significant For World History1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way for freedom of speech, which is still relevant in the modern day especially in America. However, while Athenian democracy provided a model for contemporary politics, there are some noticeable differences between the ancient and present day democratic practices. According to the International Journal of Sociology, â€Å"Modern democrats thought they knew a few big things about what democracy was because of what they knew a bout ancient exemplars.† One main difference between Greek and modern democracyRead MoreAmerican vs Guatemalan Constitution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Constitution Vs. Guatemalan Constitution A comparative study The American Constitution has as its precedent, the event when Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.  Ã‚   Its purpose was to announce to the world that the 13 English colonies in North America  had decided to become independent from England to start a new country; where their own ideals and precepts were held to make and American Union. The U.S. Constitution states fundamentalRead MoreEssay about Religious Challenges to Constructing a Democratic Iraq3427 Words   |  14 PagesReligious Challenges to Constructing a Democratic Iraq Table of Contents Abstract 3 The challenge of establishing a democracy in Iraq 3 History of Iraq 3 History of Islam 4 Tenets of Islam 6 History of democracy 7 Christianity and democracy 8 Tenets of democracy 9 Islamic thought vs. the keystones of a democracy 10 Can democracy take hold in an Islamic Iraq? 10 Conclusion 11 References 13 Abstract IslamRead MoreHaiti: The Corruptions of Imperialism Reigns Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesempires changed nearly every facet of life of those they encountered, all for power and money. Therefore, the current state of the world (especially the third world) lies in the history of imperialism. Though imperialism has been around since the Roman ages, today’s third world countries were not affected until the 15th century, during European colonialism. The initial claim behind was that colonialism – and later, imperialism – was that it allows for improvement through the spread of civilizationRead More Order vs. Freedom in Political Systems 1963 Words   |  8 PagesOrder vs. Freedom in Political Systems Order and freedom are both necessary and beneficial towards the citizens and society with the aim to promote harmony, yet they both contradict each other. This contradiction has existed throughout many years and it is still hard to decide which one is ideal for the society. This essay will discuss and analyze if order or freedom is more important for political systems. Many believe that order should be applied by the government; though it should be allowedRead MoreEssay on Censoring Internet Pornography2472 Words   |  10 Pagesforms of sexual intercourse were even depicted on the bottoms of childrens drinking bowls and plates, so that they could have something amusing to look at when they were having their meals.9 About the time of the birth of Christ, Ovid wrote for a Roman audience Ars Amorato ? a work if not pornographic in the strictest sense, at least highly erotic.10 The pornographic tradition continued in Western culture with works such as the Decameron, The Canterbury Tales in England, and the HeptameronRead MoreCross Cultural Management- Dancom Case Study2037 Words   |  9 Pagesimplication in relation to the â€Å"outsiders† at Dancom along with the mentioned theories. When a company goes to other country for business there is lot of capital and resources that are invested. There is a very famous saying that â€Å"when in Rome do as Romans do†. It is always better to accept and then expect. When such large investment is made than the company should enter another countries market with an acceptance to what is the culture of that country. Culture of a country emphasis on individual behaviourRead MoreAnalysis Of Annabel Lee s A Kingdom By The Sea1780 Words   |  8 Pagestheir own, similar to a young adult trying to figure out their way after leaving home. Nothing spoke of this like the Romantic writings in the early nineteenth century. The works tended to have a lot of good vs. evil and oppressor vs. oppressed. They tended to be optimistic, very democratic in their views, anti-slavery, some even dipped into the early women s rights movement. The romantics were rebels with a cause, nonconforming individuals that think and stay true to how the y see themselves. AlongRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagespolitical not insofar as they were engaged in legislation or constitution-making, (4) but insofar as they were engaged in direct deliberation, participation, decision-making, and follow-through. To a degree hitherto unparalleled in history, Greek democratic (better isonomic (5)) polis-life was participatory, and its preeminent achievements were not laws as products but actions as embodiments of practical intelligence. Aristotle himself is elsewhere well aware of this. In Politics I.ii.6 (1254a8-9)

What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement Free Essays

â€Å"As a leader of Russia, Stalin achieved great success between 1924~1939. † To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. I agree to the statement to a large extent. We will write a custom essay sample on What Extent Do You Agree with This Statement? or any similar topic only for you Order Now A leader is a person who stands out different from other ordinary people with main ideal characteristics of having aggressiveness in speech and action and love for people and of being able to cope with problems and find a solution to it. Stalin had two of the qualities of being aggressive in speech and action, and being able to present a solution in difficult situation, but his passion for his people was minimal. These traits of his as a leader influenced how he achieved successes, such as consolidating his rule over Soviet Union and achieving significant economical development, or resulted in failure, such as huge human cost involved, between 1924~1939. Stalin was politically an aggressive orator and a ruthless dictator. These characteristics of him enabled him to secure his position as the leader of Russia and establish totalitarian rule over Russia. Stalin formed a new constitution for the Soviet Union which seemed democratic outwardly but in fact was his own backyard where everything was under Stalin’s or the Central Committee of the Communist Party’s rule. Furthermore, he embarked on a policy of purges in which many oppositions and rivals were executed mercilessly. Kamenev and Zinoviev were just few of his potential rivals that were executed after a pretend â€Å"show trial† and some were even believed to be assassinated. Through all these ruthless measures taken with his aggressive personality, Stalin had achieved his ultimate goal of steering he and his Communist Party to total control of Russia. Stalin also had a vision of his own and was able to produce solutions according to his vision in difficult situations and this helped him to achieve great economical development in short period of time. In 1931, Stalin prophesied – correctly as it turned out – that Russia had 10 years to modernise before it was attacked. Stalin wanted Soviet Union to be strong industrially as it would be more prepared to resist invasions and be more powerful than other Western countries. Thus, Stalin announced collectivisation, where larger farm is formed by gathering tiny farms in each village and more advanced agricultural machineries were used, to create an efficient and modernised farming environment. In order to further aid in progress in economics by expanding industries and industrial production, Stalin also introduced a series of Five-Year Plans. It enabled rapid expansion of heavy industries, such as coal, iron, steel and power, modernisation of existing industries and formation of new industries with foreign experts employed. It also exercised tight control over labour force by setting production targets for each factory and harsh punishments for poor absence and workmanship. Through Stalin’s economic policies, in long term, both grain and industrial production increased by manifold and almost full employment was achieved. Therefore, Stalin’s Stalin could prevent Russia’s economical collapse economy and instead developed Russia as a country with one of the strongest economy. However, one characteristic Stalin lacked as a leader was love for his people which reflected negatively on his ruling of Russia. His people’s, especially the peasants’, deaths were none of his concern and thus his little care for his people led to poor quality of life for people. As a result of his economic plans, there was large influx of people from the countryside and the towns and cities were unable to cope, resulting in break out of slums and poor living and working conditions. Production of consumer goods was also forgone to accommodate the concentration on heavy industry. The forced and harsh nature of his ruling and plans also incurred extremely high human cost. For example, due to resist against collectivisation, peasants burned their crops and killed their livestock. This resulted in widespread famine, especially in Ukraine where more than 7 million died of starvation. Furthermore, to eliminate resistance, estimated 10 million Kulaks were executed. This shows how merciless Stalin was towards his people, particularly to those who oppose him. As such, Stalin’s uncompassionate feeling towards his people made him blind to all those human cost involved in his policies and caused much hate directed towards Stalin. To sum up, Stalin was in fact a great leader who achieved great success between 1924~1939 with his strong visions, totalitarian rule and economic policies. However, there are other side of the coin where by his lack of love for his people caused great human cost. From here, one can realise that though much developmental and economical successes have been achieved through his totalitarian ruling and economic plans as evident from the fact that under Stalin’s rule, Russia became the second largest economically powerful country then. However, due to his lack of compassion and forced nature of the way he carried out his plan, he achieved little on improvement of social conditions and his people’s quality of life and had failed to win over the heart of his people. Still it is undeniable that Stalin was one of the most memorable leaders, not only in Russia, but also in the world for his achievements mentioned above that lasted till the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. 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Reading Review free essay sample

The Privilege of Perversities: Race, Class, and Education among Polyamorists and Kinksters Reading Review # 3 This article focuses on Kinksters, people who engage in what some people may call perverted or kinky sex practices and relationships. The authors started their research by investigating people who celebrate the moniker pervert but noticed the lack thereof diversity in research samples and questioned: Is this lack because of added stigma of race, class and educational status? The method used to obtain the ata for this article came from three sources: the authors own original research (study of intersecting sexual identities, ethnographic studies of Canadian lesbian/ queer bathhouses and longitudinal study on polyamorists), others studies of kinksters and polyamorists; and communications with other researchers online. The authors main discussion is the basically the question of why people of color that live alternative sexual lifestyles are missing from research studies; is it omission or that they rather not participate? In conclusion, the authors understand that they ust consider that there is probably nothing that anyone can do about the lack or maybe exclusion of diversity in sex research as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The authors agreed that this issue is way more complex than omission or self-exclusion. A major strength of the article is the way that the data was obtained. Although both authors engaged in more centralized research on different aspects of sexuality; their research basically gave birth to this article. Using other researchers data as well as communicating with other researchers not only helped identify the nderrepresentation of certain groups in all sorts of research as well helped to start defining some of the reasons why. A major weakness of the article is that the reader is given possibly too much information. The article Jumps around from research methods, to data and to literature reviews. It felt like more than an article but somewhat like a full report. I wouldnt have been surprised to see if the model of computer used wasnt included. This article illustrates how sexuality is socially controlled. Our class definition of ocial control is: social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior by using rewards and punishments. In the article there is mention of privilege which is equaled to rewards and stigma which is equaled to punishments. It is mentioned that a disadvantage of a stigmatized identity with the burden of racial strain is discomfort or a lack of belonging in a community of people that engage in the same sexual activities one may participate. It is evident that social control is to blame how people who have a lot in common can marginalize the members of its own ommunity because of race. The section on Protection Afforded by Privilege is oozing with social control the fact that one group of people can buffer another because of their socio-economic status is mind-blowing as well as a stigmatized sub- John Mayer contacted Dr. S while writing a new song about unity amongst kinksters of all races, educational and socio-economic statuses. John in the past has been called a pervert and has been in the news quite a bit because of his sexcapades with some of the best Hollywood has to offer. John and I agree that race hould not play a factor in building communities amongst people in various sub- culture and theyre relationships should be built on similarities instead of superficial differences. The chorus to the song is as follows: If we belong together then thats what is, I have felt different since I was kiiiid.. I respect you and think of you highlyyy and when I call you brother, I dont take it lightlyyy. I want to be myself and not worry about what you think of me Sex is verb it aint a thing so no matter what you think of me. My sex is no different from yours; its all kinnnkyy.

Profitability and Liquidity Essay Example

Profitability and Liquidity Essay Profitability:Profitability is the making of gain in business activity for the benefit of the owners of the business.It is vital to my business as it allow my business to keep running.This is because by making a profit: Means my business is of interest to people and so by making a profit it is prevented from closing down. Where I have borrowed money, for example, for the set up of my business, I will take a loan from the bank, by making a profit I am then able to pay off that money. In the future, if I am looking to expand my business I am able to as I have enough, or even extra funds to use. This shows that passion4fashion is doing well and its performance is improving. I can be rewarded for the risks that I have taken in order to run the business.Profitability is a vital part in my business as I have to ensure the list above is carried out, once I have made a profit, e.g. pay bank loans back. As the owner of passion4fashion I would like to ensure all the hard work I put into the bu siness will be paid off, I believe that the profit is my reward for my entrepreneurial activities. Failure to gain profit leads to an unsuccessful business. By making a profit and by that profit gradually increasing let me know that my business is improving over time. However, as passion4fashion is a new business I cannot expect a profit immediately. Even though I will not gain a profit immediately, I will still need some sort of finance in order for my business to survive in the short run therefore I will have to have a sufficient amount of liquid resources. This is because liquid resources can be turned into cash within 12months. This will allow me to pay off immediate bill and wages etc.LiquidityLiquidity is a term that refers to the ability with which assets can be converted into cash.As I may not be making a profit within the first twelve months, I will need a way in which my business to survive. I believe it is possible to survive without making a profit within the first year as I can use the cash from liquid sources. These include cash in hand and money I have put either in a savings account or have as savings.Hence, liquidity is so important as if passion4fashion has a liquidity shortage, then it means there is no available cash. Cash is needed to pay for immediate bills, for example; wages, electricity bills, etc. without these bills being paid it is impossible for me to continue with my business.If passion4fashion did have a liquidity issue, I could sell off any raw materials and fixed assets that are unnecessary for running my business. This would allow me to make cash on them for a quick source of money. Also, I could retrieve any debts that I am owed in order to gain more money; however, as I am opening a new business it is unlikely that I have debtors already. This action will only take action if there is a severe liquidity problem within my business.In general, the productivity and liquidity is crucial because I will need to monitor the financia l position that my business is in. If I cannot make a profit, I will most definitely need liquid sources that are easily available.Task C2Assets, Liabilities, Expenses RevenuesAn asset is property owned and used by the business. The assets I have will consist of: Current Assets: current assets are those that are available as cash and other assets that could be converted into cash within a year. Current assets will be use up in production and include stock and cash.The stock; for my business the main stock is T-shirts; this will include a range of colours and sizes, and creative-flex (this is the printing ink) there will also be a range of colours of creative-flex. I will re-order the two main stocks on a monthly basis. Fixed Assets: an asset to a business that is central to its operation and not traded. My fixed assets are what I will buy to be used over a long period of time; this includes the premises I will be running the business in, and the printing press machine.A liability i s the money that is owed, all debts and financial obligations. There are 2 types of liability: Long term liabilities- An investors legal responsibility for no greater proportion of a companys debt than is represented by the value of the financial stake in the business. These are finances that are not due to be paid back for atleast 12 months. An example is money that is to be repaid in bank loans. Current liabilities- these are finances that are due to be cleared before the end of the financial year. This includes payment to suppliers, overdrafts, short term loans, and annual taxes.Revenue: the revenue is the income that comes into the business, due to the sale of products or services. So the revenue for passion4fashion is the total income that I get from selling the personalised T-shirts.Expenses: these are overheads of the business. It is all money spent for business purposes. For my business this will include; broadband internet, mobile phone contract, printing press machine, T-s hirts, printing ink, premises, stationery, computer, etc. (all expenses named in cash flow forecast)Task C3Profit and Loss AccountMy profit and loss account will show calculations of the net profit or loss made within my business. This account includes the income that has been received and the expenditures on resources that will be used within the next 12 months.Overall, this contains information about costs and profits, also revenue that I will record over the year.The main details of a profit and loss account consist ofTurnover:This is the revenue that I will generate from my business. The turnover minus the cost of sales will show my gross profit.Cost of Sales:The cost of sales is the expenditure that needs to be reached in order to produce goods.Gross Profit:This is figure is found by cost of sales turnover. Gross profit is the profit that my business will make before any expenses have been taken away.Expenses:These are also known as overheads. The expenses are not associated w ith production.Net Profit:This is the total amount of profit that is left over.The Profit and loss account that I have created displays that for the initial year of trading that I have made a net profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,388. As, I am a new business it is not expected to make a profit for the first year. However, if I keep to the budget and if business continues in the way I have forecasted, then Passion4Fashion should make the high profit I have predicted. I wish to maintain, and exceed this profit in years to come and therefore that means not making a loss. This means I will need to increase sales, I could also decrease the cost of my expenses, however as I am not making a loss I do not need take extreme actions.Profit and Loss AccountPassion~4~FashionFor end of initial year:TurnoverCost of SalesGross Profit33,2988,01032,288OverheadsRentAdvertisement and websiteEquipmentLoan6003002000à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2900Net Profit32,2882,900=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,388Underneath is the profit and loss account for passion4fashion:Task C4Balance SheetMy balance sheet will show the assets and liabilities for Passion4Fashion at one time. The balance sheet below shows the assets and liabilities of my company within a year.Balance Sheet forPassion4Fashion:Fixed AssetsPremisesEquipmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600Current AssetsStockCash in BankCash in handCurrent LiabilitiesTrade CreditorsNet Current AssetsLong term LiabilitiesBank LoanNET ASSETS FINANCED BYCapitalOpening CapitalAdd Net profitLess DrawingsClosing CapitalTask C5Cash flow forecastThe cash flow forecast is a vital aspect in the planning process when setting my business up. Overall, my cash flow forecast will show the amount of money coming into the business and going out of the business a year. However, it is separated and presented in months.The advantage of producing a cash flow forecast is to help me control and maintain my cash. By predicting in which months I will have more money I am then able to take risks or expand my busine ss. Also I need to ensure passion4fashion remain liquid meaning there is enough money coming into the business so I am able to repay debts and bills.By creating a cash flow forecast and thinking about the future of the company I can plan ahead, enabling me to estimate future costs and revenues. Also, by creating a cash flow forecast I not only see when I have more money coming in, but also I can see when I have little money coming in aswell, this allows me to prepare or save for those times. By having a estimate of what the future of my business will be like I can save well before time in order for my business to remain liquid or else my business will fail.As I have previously explained, when setting up my business I will need to borrow money, this will be a loan borrowed from the bank. However, as that money is needed to be paid back I will have to prove to the loaners that the business I plan on starting up will be successful and will be able to pay back the loan. By producing a c ash flow forecast I have enabled myself to present to the business how their money is going to be spent, and paid back. Also, a cash flow forecast is an effortful task and therefore it shows the bank managers that I am determined to make this business reach its maximum potential.I have researched many banks in order to find the best loan for my business. I have found that Lloyds TSB offer the best loan, and I will requesting a loan of two thousand pounds. As the owner I feel it is also my duty to take a risk and put in four thousand pounds of my savings into the business. I believe in myself that I can make the business work and achieve the aims and objectives set. However, it is my job to persuade the Lloyds TSB that I am worthy of the loan. So in order to do so I have put together my cash flow forecast to allow the bankers to see that my business plans are practical and attainable. Also, if I knew from looking at the cash flow forecast that my business would fail I would be very h esitant to put in four thousand pounds worth of savings. At the end of the business year I can then compare my cash flow forecast with the actual cash flow. This allows me to see where it is I have over spent, or even not spent enough. But most importantly, it allows me to make any adjustments for the following year. So my cash flow forecast for each year gradually becomes more and more realistic and is closer to the actual cash flow.I have used a spreadsheet to present my cash flow forecast, I have presented how much money I have estimated to flow in and out of my business during the first year. On a monthly basis I have calculated that my business make sales worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1900 for the first three months. I plan to sell 120 T-shirts a month, at the average price of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.83. I have only calculated an average price as the price may vary depending on the type of T-shirt the customer requires, e.g. larger logos will have an additional charge.I have increase my estimated s ales figure after three months as during the 1st three months I plan to heavily advertise my business in the local newspaper, and become a recognised brand. The advertising will come into effect after three months. And so by the time of April and May I will have a larger market share.I have estimated that my busiest months of the year will be June and July. I have again increased my estimated sales figure to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4600, I hope for this increase as the weather will be getting hotter and therefore people are more likely to buy and wear T-shirts. Also, during the summer, I have researched that people, mostly students, go on holiday. As they go in large groups they buy personalised T-shirts stating where they are going, and their name or the name of their group. For example;During those two months I plan to sell 290 T-shirts per month (rounded up to nearest 10) this will increase my revenue by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1250, with sales rising from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,350 in May to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,600 i n June.However, during the months of August and September I have realistically decreased sales to be the same as April and May, this is because the weather will be getting colder and therefore people will not buying or wearing as many T-shirts. I have also estimated that the sales drop after September until December, this is because the weather is going to be extremely cold and it is highly unlikely that T-shirts will be worn. However, I expect to still get sales during these months as October, November, and December are months of which people do Christmas shopping, and with the aid of advertising a personalised T-shirt maybe the perfect Christmas present.In total the cash flow forecast shows me that I am expecting a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½34,000 in sales during the first year of trading.As a business I will have expected costs that the business will need to meet. These include the materials used to make my T-shirts; this is known as my direct costs. For the first three months I will have à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½245 for stock and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½265 for materials (T-shirts). As I plan to sell more after the first three months this means I will have to spend more on materials and stock, so raising the total of both from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½510, to a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½760 in April and May. The direct costs will keep rising until August, and the decrease again in October through until December.The premises I have decide to use is my Uncles stationery shop. I have discussed the matter with him. He agreed to give me a spacious (enough to make and sell my T-shirts) part of his shop if I pay him rent of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month, this is because it is an unused space and he feels he has no gain from using this space, so the extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month can do his company some good aswell. Also, by advertising my company they will enter his shop in order to purchase a T-shirt, and customers may decide to pick up some stationery on there way in or out. However, I agreed that after the first yea r, after sales increase, I will also increase the rent I pay.I have also included fuel costs which I have estimated to be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 a month, this is because I will only be driving to and from work, and occasionally I may have to either go to the bank or pick up supplies. But on the whole I will not be travelling much. Also, I have decided that on large orders, if they are unable to pick up the T-shirts I ill be willing to drop them off. This will only be within a 10 miles radius of my shop.My car tax is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½125 a year, and I have received a quote from AA for my car insurance which is totalled to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 a year. This is because I learnt to drive from AA driving school, and as a result I get discount off my car insurance. I have included this in my cash flow forecast as 12 monthly instalments. My mobile phone service is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½120 a year, on O2 as I feel they give the best deal for the lowest amount of money.The net cash flow is the sales minus the expenditur e. If sales are more than expenditure than the net flow will be positive, however, if expenditure is more than sales then net flow will be negative. Looking at my cash flow forecast I have a positive net flow, this is because my total sales are more than my total expenditures. I have a net flow of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,649. As T-shirt sales increase so does the net flow, this is shown as by looking at my cash flow forecast I can see that during the months of June and July (boxes G48 and H48 in cash flow forecast) my net flow increases by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½225 compared to that which it was in May.The opening balance is the amount of money my business will have at the start of each month.My cash flow forecast shows that the opening balance in January is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0. This is because I have not sold any T-shirts yet. As my business prolongs and I am gradually selling more T-shirts my opening balance will increase every month, this is because sales will be higher than expenditure.My closing balance shows the amount of money that is left at the end of the month.The closing balance for one month equals the same as the opening balance for the month after, and is calculated by adding the net flow to the opening balance.The closing balance for January is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,997 this is reasonably high for the first month.After January the closing balance keeps increasing, however it increases more after June and July than any other months.Normally businesses either have liquidity issues as they do not have a positive cash flow. They may decide to take out extended loans, and in the future if I my business does have liquidity problems I will have to do this. However, for the first year according to my cash flow forecast my business will not have a negative cash flow. This is because my expenses are low in comparison to my payments. By showing the bankers this, it is a persuading factor in order for them to give me a loan.Task C6BudgetA budget is a major part for financial planning; it is used to see how much money is available for future and present use. In order to keep my finances in order and in effect I will have to produce a budget every month.The main functions of having a budget are; Planning: by having a budget I can plan for the future incase problems occur and I fall short of money. Directing: by budgeting the money I get I can put some of it towards motivating my employees, so they work harder in order to achieve their goals and targets set. Also, I can see exactly where the money is going, and this will mean that no one else can spend the money unnecessarily, including myself.A budget is useful as it gives me an indication of where I can spend and save money. This is extremely vital as it can prevent the assimilation of debts. The budget can help with the successfulness of my business; this is because I can see where it is necessary to spend my money in order for it to go further. I can also prioritise what I need to buy ahead of time; again, this will enable my business to go further and for me to avoid debts as they will be my first priority.There are different types of budgets; some of them are listed below; Production Budget- this type of budget is used to plan levels of production.This will show the amount of units for each product that will need to be made in order to reflect the revenue plans shown in the sales budget. Sales Budget- this is the budget I am likely to use, I feel this is the most important type of budgeting as it effects other types of budgeting, as you can see from above (affects production budgeting). This is caused as if the amount of sales increases during the year, the amount of production will also need to be increased (as demand goes up, supply has to follow). By using this type of budgeting I can gain a clearer insight on where my money is going.Variance analysisVariance analysis is a budget that can be carried out for both revenue and costs. Below is a list of the four types of variance analysis:1. S ales Variance; this is the difference between budgeted sales revenue and actual revenue. For example if a new competitor comes into the market, that would decrease my sales, and as it was unexpected it would make a large difference when comparing predicted revenue to actual revenue.2. Materials variance; this is the difference between predicted cost of materials and actual cost of materials. For example, if the price in cotton (the T-shirt material) rose unexpectedly yet rapidly I would have to increase the selling price of my T-shirts. Thus as the increased price in cotton was not expected, it would have a great effect when comparing my predicted cost of materials to the actual cost of materials. Also, the increase or decrease in inflation will have an occurring difference in the price of the materials I buy.3. Fixed Overhead Variance; this is the difference between the predicted fixed overhead and the actual overhead. An example relating to passion4fashion would be if the rent inc reases within the first year, this would not be planned as I have agreed for the rent to increase after a year. And so with the unexpected circumstance there will be a different between predicted and actual price of fixed overheads.Variance analysis will allow me to view the overall performance of my business as I can see where and why variance has occurred.Task C7Break evenThe point where my business will break even is when the total revenue from sales is exactly the same as producing the T-shirts. The level of output where total costs and total revenue are the same is known as the break even output. The formula I will use to assess whether or not I have broken even is;The fixed costs are those that remain the same for the business throughout the year for example, my premises, and machinery. Also, the repayments I make to the bank will remain the same during the year so that can also be counted as a fixed cost.The contribution for my business would be the cost of producing the T-sh irt subtracted by the sale of the T-shirt.The fixed cost for my business equals, and the contribution equals à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.83-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.25, this gives me a total contribution of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.58.Break even can help me monitor the performance of passion4fashion. I am able to do this as if I receive a profit more than I expected I can see that my targets have been met and exceeded. Also, if I target my business to break even in June and it does so in October than I can see that I need to improve my business strategies in order for my business to be successful.I will use the calculation shown above to figure out how long it will take in order for my business to make a net profit. By using the research I have conducted which tells me how many T-shirts I are demanded a week, for example 40 T-shirts in demand for every week on an annual basis, I will sell 2080 T-shirts a year. Break even comes into this as I can see how many T-shirts I have to sell in order to break even and how lon g it will take me to sell that many T-shirts. If I am able to break even within the first year I can then calculate my net profit after breaking even, with this information I can then start expanding on ideas for my business and strive to achieve new aims and objectives.By using my market research to calculate how long it will take in order for my business to break even, I can then adjust it accordingly. For example, if I end up selling more than I planned I will be sure break-even quicker. However, if I end up selling less than I intended than I will have to recalculate my break even time.My break even figure may even change, for example, if a new scenario occurs where perhaps a new competitor enters the market, I may have to lower prices. This means that I will have to sell more T-shirts in order to break even. To keep revenue the same if I decrease the price I will have to either promote my business more, or look around for a cheaper supplier!My break even figure can also help me when I have the money to pay out in order for my business to remain liquid.

Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD

Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD Introduction Psychology is the academic discipline dealing with the study of human behaviour and mental functions (Burton, 2010). As such, psychologists are described as social or cognitive scientists. The scientists and professionals explore human characters, such as perception, emotions, and personality. The aim of such exploration is to assess and treat psychological disorders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Numerous studies have been conducted in the past to try and explain why people act and behave the way they do. Information gathered from such analyses is taken into consideration when making decisions in many contemporary organisations (Barlow Durand, 2011). Organisations that use such information in their operations include the government and private companies and corporations. The information is especially important when hiring personnel. Individuals psychological information helps other people in making informed decisions when dealing with the individual. The information can also be used in assigning work to the individual. Dissociative Identity Disorder (herein referred to as DID) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (herein referred to as PTSD) are classified as mental disorders. The two have formed the basis of research for many psychologists. The psychologists have made efforts to identify the root causes, treatment, and diagnostic procedures associated with the conditions. According to Dr. Brad Wright (and as cited in Farrell, 2011), the two conditions are significantly different from each other. Post traumatic stress disorder develops when an individual is exposed to any form of psychological trauma. Dissociative identity disorder is known by several other names. One of them is â€Å"Multiple Personality Disorder†. The condition is associated with individuals who exhibit two distinct personalities. It is characterised by forgetfulness or amnesia (Shettleworth, 2010). In this essay, the author will analyse the two conditions, comparing and contrasting their various aspects. The author will focus on the similarities and differences between the conditions’ etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The Etiology of DID and PTSD: A Comparison Etiology of DID Etiology is the study of the origin and cause of a given phenomenon (Overskeid, 2007). It is commonly used in medicine to determine why and how things take place. The concept aims at providing a mythical explanation for a certain condition or phenomenon.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the years, many researchers and philosophers have come up with various possible causes of dissociative identity disorder. However, most are in agreement that the disorder is brought about by maladjusted r eactions to trauma. Such trauma is in most cases linked to childhood physical and sexual abuse (Hergenhahn, 2005). Most individuals suffering from this disorder had a traumatic experience in their childhood. Neglect and lack of parental care are largely associated with the disorder. Individuals exposed to extreme physical abuse in the past tend to be violent and brutal in later life. Psychologists associate this phenomenon with attempts by individuals to forget their past miseries. The failure to forget leads to frustration, which is expressed through acts of violence and brutality. Individuals who were exposed to acts of violence in the past are likely to try and expose others to similar conditions. The attempt explains the rising cases of violence in the society. Research has shown that criminals suffering from dissociative identity disorder expose their victims to ordeals that are similar to those they were exposed to in the past. Such developments give rise to a cycle of crime a nd violence, which turns victims into offenders. Self destructive behaviours have also been identified as possible causes of the disorder (Pinel, 2010). Individuals exhibiting such traits tend to be violent towards themselves and towards others. Etiology of PTSD Post traumatic stress disorder develops after an individual is exposed to an event associated with intense fear, horror, and a sense of helplessness (Reisner, 2005). However, psychologists have identified other possible causes of post traumatic stress disorder. They include past life experiences and inherited traits, such as individual personality. Individuals who had traumatic experiences in their past make the bulk of patients diagnosed with this disorder. Personality aspects that may influence the individual’s susceptibility to the disorder include, among others, temperament and ability to deal with stress. Regulation of hormones and such other chemicals as adrenaline by the brain is also associated with the condit ion. Exposure to risk factors is another possible cause of post traumatic stress disorder. Such exposure explains why many soldiers and people living in war torn areas are more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder compared to other individuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of DID and PTSD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are several similarities between the etiologies of the two psychological disorders. For example, both conditions are associated with past traumatic experiences. Individuals suffering from either of the two conditions are likely to have witnessed traumatic events in their life (Carver Scheier, 2004). Individuals react variously to such traumatic events. As a result of this, some of the individuals exposed to the traumatic events may fail to develop the condition. For example, those suffering from dissociative identity diso rder are violent towards other people. On the other hand, those suffering from post traumatic stress disorder live in perpetual fear of being abused or experiencing the traumatic events again. Diagnosing DID and PTSD: A Comparison Overview In most cases, individuals suffering from these disorders are unaware of their condition. It is also hard for family members and the society at large to diagnose the disorders. The inability to diagnose is attributed to the fact that the effects of these disorders are mainly psychological. As such, it is not easy to point out the characteristics. The case is different for other disorders, whose effects are expressed physically (Gelder Geddes, 2005). In most cases, the individual is not aware of their condition when they seek medical assistance. Diagnosing DID To diagnose dissociative identity disorder, the psychologist needs to conduct a thorough psychological examination of the patient. A medical examination is necessary to determine whether the patient has any physical disorders that may explain their symptoms (Glaser Strauss, 2005). Examinations are carried out through oral interviews or questionnaires prepared in advance. Hypnosis or drugs are also used to make it easy for the patient to reveal personal information to the doctor (Barlow Durand, 2011). In most cases, patients complain of amnesia. The individual is unable to remember events that took place within a particular period of time. They also suffer from memory loss. In extreme cases, the patient may forget about close friends and family members. The individuals are depressed and may exhibit suicidal tendencies in extreme cases (Ron, 2008). In addition, some patients diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder complain of either audio or visual hallucinations.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diagnosing PTSD To diagnose post traumatic stress disorder, the professional needs to take into consideration the signs and symptoms exhibited by the individual. Patients are asked to explain their signs and symptoms. They try to explain what the signs are, the time they occur, and their intensity (Reinders, 2008). Individuals are also required to narrate the events preceding the symptoms. A patient has to meet a set of pre-defined criteria before the professional comes to a conclusion. Diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative personality disorder calls for a series of psychological and medical assessments. Assessments are carried out orally or through the use of a questionnaire. Examinations to check for other medical problems are carried out to ensure that the correct diagnosis is made (Boysen, 2011). Treating DID and PTSD: A Comparison Treating DID calls for the combination of various states of personality (Stern, 2012). Interaction between the different persona lities helps the person to function normally. Drug therapy is used to relieve such symptoms as fear, anxiety, and depression. Psychotherapy is considered as emotionally painful. Individuals undergoing therapy experience emotional crises especially when recalling traumatic memories during therapy sessions. Hypnosis is also applied in therapy. Therapy sessions take place over a long period of time, usually over 3 to 6 years. Individuals are treated for other serious health problems that are exhibited, such as drug and substance abuse. Treating PTSD aims at helping individuals gain control over their own life. Individuals suffering from the disorder are advised to accept their condition. They are also empowered to cope with stress and such other phenomena. Unlike dissociative personality disorder, treating post traumatic stress disorder requires a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy. There are various forms of drugs administered to those suffering from the disorder. They incl ude antipsychotics, antidepressants, and prazosin (Spiegel, 2006). Each of these drugs has a particular function. In psychotherapy, various interventions are used. The interventions include cognitive therapy, which involves empowering the individual to perceive things accurately to reduce trauma. Cognitive therapy is used together with other interventions, such as exposure therapy. The latter encourages the patient to face or confront the situations that scare them the most (Ross, 2009). Other interventions, such as eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy, help the individuals in processing traumatic memories. There are obvious similarities between the treatment procedures for the two disorders. In both cases, the doctor attending to the patient aims at reducing the effects of the trauma (Farrell, 2011). In addition, treating the two conditions involves psychotherapy. A close relationship between the patient and the doctor in-charge must be maintained. The aim here is to increase the efficiency of the therapy sessions. Conclusion Psychology is a field of study dealing with human behaviour and brain functions. The discipline involves the assessment of such human characteristics as perceptions and emotions in efforts to explain individual actions (Singh Chakrabarti, 2008). Psychology has helped in diagnosing and treating various mental disorders, among them post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder. Many people suggest that DID and PTSD are the same. However, significant disparities exist between the two with regard to etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. But there are also similarities between the two conditions. For example, the two disorders are associated with past traumatic experiences. References Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M. (2011). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Boysen, G. (2011). The scientific status of childhood dissociative identity disorder: A rev iew of published research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(6), 329-34. Burton, L. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in psychology. Queensland, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Carver, C., Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on personality. Boston, USA: Pearson. Farrell, H. (2011). Dissociative identity disorder: Medicolegal challenges. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 39(3), 402–406. Gelder, M., Geddes, A. (2005). Psychiatry. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Glaser, B., Strauss, A. (2005). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, USA: Aldine. Hergenhahn, B. (2005). An introduction to the history of psychology. Belmont, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist, 62(6), 590–595. Pinel, J. (2010). Biopsychology. New York, USA: Prentice Hall. Reinders, A. (2008). Cross-examining dissociative id entity disorder: Neuroimaging and etiology on trial. Neurocase, 14(1), 44–53. Reisner, A. (2005). The common factors, empirically validated treatments, and recovery models of therapeutic change. The Psychological Record, 55(3), 377–400. Ron, S. (2008). The Cambridge handbook of computational psychology. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. Ross, C. (2009). Errors of logic and scholarship concerning dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(2), 221–231. Shettleworth, S. (2010). Cognition, evolution and behaviour. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Singh, S., Chakrabarti, S. (2008). A study in dualism: The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 221–223. Spiegel, D. (2006). Recognizing traumatic dissociation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 566–568. Stern, D. (2012). Witnessing across time: Accessing the present from the past and the past from the present. The Psychoana lytic Quarterly, 80(1), 53–81.

Physics2proj1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physics2proj1 - Essay Example Check the instructions in the online course for more information. **If you choose to use your word processing, you may use the equation editor feature or drawing tools in your word processing to complete your project. Please be aware that you are responsible for learning to use these tools and for completing ALL parts of your project prior to submission.** **If you would rather print your project and write your answers by hand, you may still submit it electronically by scanning the pages into either .pdf (Portable Document Format), or .doc format (as an MS Word document). If you scan your project as images, embed them in a Word document in.gif image format—using .gif images that are smaller than 8 x 10 inches, or 600 x 800 pixels, will help ensure that the project is small enough to upload. Remember that a file that is larger than 5,000 K will NOT go through the online system. Make sure your pages are legible before you upload them.** You know from your studies in Unit 1 that it takes energy to warm an object, more energy to convert it to a liquid (melt) and even more energy to convert it to a gas (boil) it. As seen in Figure 23.12 in your textbook, a graph of the change in temperature as a function of energy added has a characteristic â€Å"stair-step† appearance. In this lab you will be generating a phase change diagram as you convert ice to water and finally to steam. Part B: Measure the amount of time it takes the water to start boiling and determine the temperature at which boiling occurs (remember that the higher your altitude, the lower your boiling temperature). Part D: Calculate the amount of energy added in each step (warming ice, melting ice, warming water, boiling water, warming steam) using the accepted values for the specific heat of water, latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization. 1. Obtain approximately one cup of ice cubes and place them in a small container in the freezer. The